These are liquid assets because the economic resources or ownership can be converted into a valuable asset such as cash. Relevance and UseĪn analyst needs to understand the concept of expected value as most investors use it to anticipate the long-run return of different financial assets Financial Assets Financial assets are investment assets whose value derives from a contractual claim on what they represent. Therefore, on completion Project Y is expected to have a higher value than Project X. We will use the following data for the calculation of the expected value. Determine for John which project expects to have a higher value on completion. In addition, achieved a value of $1.5 million, with a probability of 0.6. On the other hand, Project Y expects to achieve a value of $2.5 million, with a probability of 0.4. In addition, a value of $1.0 million with a probability of 0.7. According to estimates, Project X expects to achieve a value of $3.5 million with a probability of 0.3. Let us take another example where John is to assess the feasibility of two upcoming development projects (Project X and Y) and choose the most favorable one. Therefore, for Ben, security Q is expected to give higher returns than security P. Therefore, the calculation of the expected return is as follows, (This does produce a conflict with Prolog's built in ^ operator in some cases, unfortunately.) First, let's declare our new operators.One can calculate the expected return of security Q as, While we could define predicates fo these operators, I chose to use v and ^ instead to save typing. What happens when you try to use them?ĭefining logical operators for the connectivesĪlthough Prolog reserves, \/ and /\ to represent the logical connectives, it does not provide their defintions. Interestingly, you will notice that the logical operators \/ and /\ are already listed in Prolog's operator table.What happens when you type t and t and f? How could this be fixed? You will notice that I have chosen the behaviour for the operators poorly.Now, we can write expressions such as f or not f.For x the precedence of the argument must be strictly lower.Ī complete description of the op/3 directive and a listing of the operators built in to Prolog can be obtained by consulting the built-in help system, by typing help(op). Y should be interpreted as "on this position a term with precedence lower or equal to the precedence of the functor should occur".
VISUAL PROLOG EXPRESSION IS USED WHEN A FORMULA IS EXPECTED MANUAL
The SWI-Prolog manual gives the formal defintions for x and y. f represents position of the functor (our operator) and x and y are the other terms in the expression. The behaviour describes how the operator acts in relation to other terms. The precedence is straightforward: the operator with the smallest precedence value is evaluated first. The op/3 directive has three arguments: the precedence, the behaviour and the name of the predicate to be made an operator. All we must do is declare our logical connectives as new operators. Instead, it would be much better if infix notation could be used instead, like t and (t or f). It is rather awkward to write and(t,or(t,f)).
to see how Prolog evaluates this expression.Įnabling infix syntax for logical connectives As soon as you enter a statement, the debugger will open and you can analyze your program and see what steps it is taking.
You can start the debugger by typing gtrace. You can jump to the definition of a specific predicate by typing edit( predicate). A text editor will be opened, and the program will be reloaded once you are finished. To edit the currently loaded file, you can simply type edit. If you have correctly configured SWI-Prolog, powerful tools are available to you for editing, debugging and modelling Prolog programs. Prolog will try each matching clause until one that is true for the input is found. If you were to define two predicates with the same name and arity, you would actually be defining multiple clauses of the same predicate. You may have noticed that in Prolog you may define multiple predicates with the same name, but with different arities. It means that we do not care what its value is - the statement is true regardless. When _ is used as a variable in Prolog, it denotes the anonymous variable.
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